At GTC 2025, NVIDIA unveiled Spectrum-X and Quantum-X silicon photonics switches, scaling AI factories to millions of GPUs while cutting energy and costs. So first, first starting from how we design things. And an AI supercomputer actually requires multiple infrastructure. to work. In the last decade, silicon photonic switches are increasingly believed to be potential candidates for replacing the electrical switches in the applications of telecommunication networks, data center and high-throughput computing, due to their low power consumption (Picojoules per bit), large. In 2025, NVIDIA will launch photonic switches with co-packaged optics (CPO), a bold move driven by technological necessity and surging market demand. Taiwan's supply chain plays a key role, with TSMC's COUPE (Compact Universal Photonic Engine) integrating 65nm electronic and photonic ICs in. The announcement by NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang at GTC 2025 regarding the introduction of Silicon Photonics (SiPh) based Co-Packaged Optics (CPO) switches, the Spectrum-X and Quantum-X platforms (see Figure 1), has been now some time ago, so it is probably a good moment to make a retrospective of the. Silicon photonics switches are emerging as a key technology for realizing energy-efficient networks, spanning from intra data center to wafer-scale interconnections.