Seismic retrofitting techniques, including seat extenders, catchers, gap fillings, L brackets, and various anchoring methods, are essential for enhancing the earthquake resistance of bridge abutments. Seismic bridge design has been improving and advancing based on research findings and lessons learned from past earthquakes, such as the 1989 Loma Prieta and the 1994 Northridge, USA, the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) in Japan, the 1999 Jiji (Chi-Chi) in Taiwan, and the 2008 Wenchuan in China. The. Abstract: Depending on their seismic resistance, existing bridge abutments may be vulnerable to earthquakes. Seismic resistance may be quantified in terms of a threshold acceleration level beyond which permanent deformation will occur. Planar failure surface has been considered in conjunction with the pseudostatic limit equilibrium method for the calculation of the seismic active earth pressure.
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